Pakistan’s “Engage Africa” Policy: The Forgotten Frontier of Strategic Influence

By Zohaib Ahmed | The New World Disorder

In a world where global power blocs are shifting and the traditional centers of influence are being redefined, Africa is no longer the forgotten continent—it’s the battleground of 21st-century diplomacy, resources, and markets. Yet, amid the Chinese Belt and Road juggernaut, American military footprints, and European recolonization through development loans, a new, quieter entrant has been making diplomatic inroads: Pakistan.

Pakistan’s “Engage Africa” Policy, formalized in 2019 under the PTI government and continuing with renewed vigor under successive administrations, is more than just another foreign policy pivot. It is a strategic recalibration of Pakistan’s diplomatic, economic, and ideological priorities—a smart move towards geo-economic diversification, global South solidarity, and market expansion.

This is not just about trade. This is about realigning Pakistan’s place in a rapidly multipolar world.

Strategic Context: Why Africa? Why Now?

Africa, with its 1.5 billion population projected to double by 2050 and a combined GDP nearing $3.1 trillion, is not just a humanitarian case study. It is a market, a resource hub, and a diplomatic swing state in global governance. With 54 countries, the African Union has enormous voting power in international forums—from the United Nations to the OIC.

More importantly, Africa represents ideological space—a continent whose leaders are increasingly resisting Western hegemony and seeking alternative development models. Pakistan, with its post-colonial history, shared Islamic values (especially in North and West Africa), and a non-imperial foreign policy, positions itself as a natural partner for African states.

The Diplomatic Push: From Dormancy to Direction

Before 2019, Pakistan’s diplomatic footprint in Africa was minimal—just 17 embassies across the continent. Today, under the Engage Africa policy, Pakistan has announced multiple new diplomatic missions, especially in underrepresented regions like Central and West Africa.

Key diplomatic upgrades:

Opening new embassies in Djibouti, Ivory Coast, Ghana, and Rwanda.
Appointment of dedicated trade and defense attachés in select African nations.
Hosting the Pakistan-Africa Trade Development Conference (PATDC) in Nairobi, 2020, attended by over 100 delegates from 26 African countries.

What this represents is a shift from reactive diplomacy to proactive outreach—a fundamental break from Pakistan’s traditionally West Asia- and China-centric foreign policy focus.

Pakistan maintains diplomatic ties with a significant number of African countries, with its "Engage Africa" policy actively working to expand and deepen these relationships. This involves establishing resident diplomatic missions (Embassies or High Commissions) in some countries and covering others through concurrent accreditation from existing missions or through honorary consulates.

Here's a comprehensive list of African countries with which Pakistan has diplomatic ties, including those where new missions have been opened as part of the "Engage Africa" policy:

Countries with Resident Pakistani Diplomatic Missions (Embassies/High Commissions):

Algeria (Embassy in Algiers)
Djibouti (Embassy in Djibouti City - New mission under Engage Africa)
Egypt (Embassy in Cairo)
Ethiopia (Embassy in Addis Ababa)
Ghana (High Commission in Accra)
Ivory Coast (Embassy in Abidjan - New mission under Engage Africa)
Kenya (High Commission in Nairobi)
Libya (Embassy in Tripoli)
Mauritius (High Commission in Port Louis)
Morocco (Embassy in Rabat)
Niger (Embassy in Niamey - Upgraded under Engage Africa)
Nigeria (High Commission in Abuja)
Rwanda (High Commission in Kigali - New mission under Engage Africa)
Senegal (Embassy in Dakar)
South Africa (High Commission in Pretoria)
Sudan (Embassy in Khartoum)
Tanzania (High Commission in Dar Es Salaam - Upgraded under Engage Africa)
Tunisia (Embassy in Tunis)
Uganda (High Commission in Kampala - New mission under Engage Africa)
Zimbabwe (Embassy in Harare)

Countries covered through Concurrent Accreditation or with Honorary Consulates:

Pakistan's diplomatic presence extends to many other African nations through concurrent accreditation from its resident missions or through the presence of honorary consulates. This ensures a broader reach even without a dedicated resident embassy. Examples of countries falling into this category include:

Benin (New mission announced under Engage Africa, likely operational or in process)
Burkina Faso (Diplomatic ties exist, with efforts to boost trade and potentially establish a permanent mission in Pakistan. The Ambassador-designate of Burkina Faso to Pakistan is based in Tehran and accredited to Pakistan.)
Cape Verde (Honorary Consulate in Praia)
Democratic Republic of the Congo (Honorary Consulate in Kinshasa)
Gambia (Consulate in Banjul)
Guinea (Honorary Consulate in Conakry)
Lesotho (Consulate General in Maseru)
Madagascar (Honorary Consulate in Antananarivo)
Malawi (Honorary Consulate in Blantyre)
Mali (New mission announced under Engage Africa, and also has an Honorary Consulate General in Bamako)
Mauritania (Honorary Consulate General in Nouakchott)
Sierra Leone (Honorary Consulate in Freetown)
Somalia (Covered by a Chargé d' Affaires from a neighboring mission, as seen in past engagement forums)
Eritrea (Historically close ties, as Pakistan significantly supported its independence movement)
Angola (Identified as a top 10 African economy for enhanced trade)
Zambia (Mentioned in the context of the Pakistan-South African Association's operations)
Namibia (Mentioned in the context of the Pakistan-South African Association's operations)
Mozambique (Maputo is mentioned in the context of the Pakistan-South African Association's operations)
Eswatini (Swaziland) (Mentioned in the context of the Pakistan-South African Association's operations)

It's important to note that diplomatic relations can exist even without a physical embassy or consulate in each country, particularly for smaller nations. The "Engage Africa" policy specifically aims to increase the number of resident missions and trade wings to solidify these ties and expand economic engagement.

The Economic Equation: Africa as Pakistan’s New Frontier Market

Trade is the bedrock of the Engage Africa policy. With bilateral trade between Pakistan and Africa standing at just $4.2 billion in 2022, there is massive untapped potential. Compare this with India's $89 billion and China's staggering $282 billion trade volume with Africa, and Pakistan’s lag becomes a strategic concern—and a massive opportunity.

Pakistan’s current exports to Africa largely include:

Pharmaceuticals
Surgical instruments
Textiles and leather
Rice and food products

But the policy shift envisions value-added trade, investment partnerships, and joint industrial ventures, especially in countries with developing pharmaceutical and textile sectors.

Strategic foresight move: Pakistan aims to make Karachi and Gwadar regional export hubs for African-bound shipments, offering African traders access to Central Asian markets via CPEC.

Military and Defense Diplomacy: A Quiet Influence Builder

Pakistan’s military cooperation with Africa is under-discussed but significant. Countries like Nigeria, Egypt, Algeria, and Kenya have either purchased Pakistani military equipment or received training for their armed forces.

Nigeria acquired multiple JF-17 Thunder fighter jets from Pakistan Aeronautical Complex (PAC), a rare high-profile defense deal for Islamabad.
Pakistani peacekeeping troops have served in over 8 African countries under UN missions, building grassroots credibility with both governments and populations.
Pakistan’s military academies train officers from several African nations, forging long-term influence.

This silent form of defense diplomacy is building trust—and laying the foundation for potential security pacts, intelligence exchanges, and counterterrorism collaboration.

Cultural and Religious Soft Power: Islam, Education, and Development

With around 27 African countries having Muslim-majority or significant Muslim populations, Pakistan’s Islamic identity offers soft power leverage—if used wisely. Through scholarships, religious diplomacy, and education exchange, Pakistan is aiming to win hearts and minds.

The HEC and COMSATS scholarships for African students have doubled since 2020.
Institutions like IIUI (International Islamic University Islamabad) host hundreds of African scholars.
Pakistani NGOs like Al-Khidmat Foundation and Saylani Welfare have launched health and food programs in parts of East Africa.

This form of Islamic solidarity-driven diplomacy has long-term ideological and strategic dividends—especially as Western-funded NGOs lose credibility in certain African regions.

The China Factor: A Tactical Compliment, Not a Competition

China is the dominant player in Africa. But that does not mean Pakistan is irrelevant. In fact, Pakistan can act as a sub-contractor of Chinese influence in regions where Beijing prefers a softer, Muslim-friendly face.

Consider Gwadar port’s potential as a launchpad for Chinese-African maritime trade. Pakistan can offer China:

A Muslim-majority diplomatic interface.
A reliable partner for Chinese Belt and Road projects reaching African shores.
Security expertise in volatile African regions like Sahel and Horn of Africa.

Strategic foresight: By positioning itself as a “China Plus One” actor in Africa, Pakistan can leverage both its own interests and those of its all-weather ally.

Challenges: What Could Derail the Africa Gambit?

Resource Limitations: Pakistan’s diplomatic and economic investments are dwarfed by competitors. Without budget allocations and inter-ministerial coordination, the policy risks symbolic success only.
Bureaucratic Inertia: Trade officers are often undertrained, under-resourced, and lack linguistic/cultural knowledge of African contexts.
Security Concerns: In unstable African states, Pakistani diplomats and businesspeople require better protection and logistical support.
Lack of Private Sector Mobilization: Unlike Turkey, Pakistan has yet to deploy its private sector as frontline ambassadors in African markets.

Is Pakistan Making an Impact?

Yes, Pakistan is progressively making an impact, albeit from a lower base compared to other major players.

Diplomatic Gains:

Since 2019, Pakistan has launched a clear diplomatic offensive in Africa:

Held the Pakistan-Africa Trade Development Conference (PATDC) in Kenya in 2020—first of its kind.
Opened new embassies in Djibouti, Ivory Coast, Ghana, and announced plans for more.
Increased military cooperation, especially with Nigeria and Egypt.
Peacekeeping deployments in Congo, Sudan, and Somalia have built goodwill.

The "Engage Africa" policy has demonstrably shifted Pakistan's foreign policy focus, and concrete steps have been taken:

Expanded Diplomatic Footprint: Pakistan has opened five new diplomatic missions in Rwanda, Djibouti, Ivory Coast, Ghana, and Uganda since the policy's inception, and upgraded others. This expansion from 15 to 20 missions (as of late 2024) is a clear indication of increased commitment and presence. This has facilitated direct engagement and relationship-building.
Increased Trade and Investment: While still relatively modest, bilateral trade with Africa has seen an uptick. Trade reached US$ 4.44 billion in 2022-23, with a stated goal to double it by 2025. Initiatives like the establishment of six trade wings in key African economies (Algeria, Egypt, Ethiopia, Sudan, Senegal, and Tanzania) and the organization of "Look Africa Trade Forums" are aimed at boosting economic ties. Examples like the export of 600 tractors to Angola by Millat Tractors demonstrate tangible outcomes.
The "Africa Fund," a $50 million initiative, supports trade promotion and capacity-building projects.
Capacity Building and Goodwill: Pakistan has a long history of contributing to UN Peacekeeping Missions in Africa (over 200,000 troops deployed in 46 missions). This, coupled with ongoing programs for training African diplomats, providing scholarships, and offering military training, fosters significant goodwill and contributes to human resource development on the continent.
High-Level Engagements: The regular exchange of high-level visits and participation in forums like "Africa Day" (now officially declared as "Pakistan-Africa Friendship Day" by the Pakistani Senate on May 25th, 2025) underline the growing political will and commitment from both sides.

However, it's crucial to acknowledge that the impact is still in its nascent stages and needs to be sustained. The initial growth in trade needs to accelerate significantly to reach the ambitious targets.

Do Africa Trust Us?

Generally, yes, there is a foundation of trust. African nations largely view Pakistan favorably due to several factors:

Historical Solidarity: Pakistan's unwavering support for African liberation movements against colonial rule in the mid-20th century created a strong bond of solidarity. Many African leaders received moral and material support from Pakistan during their independence struggles. This historical context is often recalled and appreciated.
Non-Interference Policy: Pakistan has generally adhered to a policy of non-interference in the internal affairs of African nations, which is a principle highly valued on the continent.
Religious affinity: With over 400 million Muslims in Africa, Pakistan’s Islamic credentials give it soft power advantages over secular competitors.
Military and humanitarian history: Pakistani troops have been serving in Africa under the UN since the 1960s. That legacy matters, especially in countries like Liberia, Sudan, Somalia, Congo, and Rwanda. For example, over 4,000 Pakistani troops serve in the DRC, enhancing Pakistan’s image as a security partner. India’s naval presence in the Indian Ocean and anti-piracy operations off Somalia give it a strategic edge. Pakistan’s contributions are limited to peacekeeping and training, with no significant naval engagement in African waters.
Shared Challenges: The common experiences of developing nations facing challenges like poverty, inflation, and unemployment create a natural empathy and understanding. African nations appreciate Pakistan's willingness to share its development experiences and expertise in sectors like agriculture and public health.
Geo-economics over Geo-strategy: Pakistan's current pivot towards geo-economics, focusing on mutually beneficial trade and investment, resonates well with Africa's own development priorities. African countries are keen on partnerships that bring tangible economic benefits.

While there is a general foundation of trust, Pakistan still needs to actively build and deepen these relationships. African nations are pragmatic; they seek partnerships that deliver concrete results. Therefore, the long-term trust will be cemented by the consistent delivery on promises, equitable trade practices, and genuine collaboration that contributes to Africa's development agenda.

But Why Trust Has Limits:

Lack of follow-through: African officials have often complained about Pakistani trade delegations not delivering on promised deals.
Visa barriers: African traders face red tape trying to travel to Pakistan, weakening B2B trust.
Minimal aid/donor role: Unlike China, Turkey, or the UAE, Pakistan does not offer grants, FDI, or major development financing.

In essence, African nations may like Pakistan’s narrative, but they still rely on China’s capital, India’s tech, and Turkey’s NGO machinery.

Is Pakistan Doing Better Than India in Africa?

In raw numbers: No.
In optics and intent: Pakistan is catching up fast—but has a long road ahead.

India’s African Footprint (as of 2025):

High Commission/Embassy in 47 African countries.
$90+ billion trade volume.
Over 180 Indian companies operating in Africa.
Pan-African e-Network Project (Tele-education and telemedicine across 47 countries).
Regular high-level visits and Indian Technical & Economic Cooperation (ITEC) scholarships.

Pakistan’s Position:

Embassies in fewer than 25 African countries.
Trade volume hovering around $5 billion (2025 projection).
Fewer than 20 major companies with operations in Africa.
Limited digital outreach and no state-led development or tech programs yet.

BUT—here's the nuance:

Pakistan is punching above its weight diplomatically. African leaders see Islamabad as:

Less interventionist than India (especially in Muslim-majority states).
A defense partner with low political baggage (Nigeria and Algeria especially).
A fellow Muslim nation that doesn’t carry post-colonial superiority like France or the UK.

So while India is ahead on numbers, Pakistan is gaining ground on narrative, ideology, and emotional connection—especially in North and West Africa.

2025 Strategic Outlook: The Turning Point for Engage Africa

2025 is a year of both challenge and opportunity for Pakistan’s Africa policy. Here’s a strategic scenario analysis:

1. Geo-economic Shift in Africa:

African countries are rejecting Western dependency and exploring South-South cooperation.
Francophone Africa is in flux, with military coups distancing from France (Mali, Niger, Burkina Faso). Pakistan, with its neutral non-imperial stance, is now a welcome friend.

Opportunity: Pakistan can fill the diplomatic void in Sahel and West Africa by offering training, trade, and non-aligned development support.

2. Energy and Resource Rush:

Africa is the new global source of rare earths, lithium, uranium, and oil.
Pakistan’s mining sector (especially post-Reko Diq revival) can partner in joint extraction or equipment exports to African countries.
2025 is seeing resource nationalization in countries like Congo and Zambia, opening room for trust-based deals—not exploitation.

Opportunity: Build state-to-state resource cooperation frameworks (like MOUs with Algeria, Angola, or Niger for oil and uranium).

3. CPEC Extension Dreams:

Gwadar is gaining partial functionality, and Pakistan has proposed “Afro-CPEC” connectivity, offering landlocked African nations export entry to Asia.
2025 sees tentative talks with Djibouti, Kenya, and Tanzania on using Gwadar as a transshipment hub.

Opportunity: Formalize Africa-CPEC corridor discussions—with support from China, African Union, and Afreximbank.

4. Digital Diplomacy and Youth Exchange:

Africa has the world’s youngest median age (18.8 years).
Pakistan can become a digital education partner, offering edtech, online religious education, freelancing courses, and even AI and coding bootcamps.

Opportunity: Launch a “Digital Ummah Exchange Program” through COMSATS, NUST, and Al-Khidmat.

Strategic Warning Signs for 2025:

China’s dominance: Beijing’s Africa play is still 50x bigger than Pakistan’s. Unless Pakistan partners with China in Africa (joint ventures), it risks being sidelined.
Domestic economic instability: Rising inflation, rupee volatility, and fiscal crises could derail outreach efforts.
Lack of narrative: India and Turkey are exporting culture, film, and soft power. Pakistan still lacks a Pan-African narrative beyond trade fairs and defense sales.

Africa: A Continent Ripe for Strategic Partnership

Africa in 2025 is:

The fastest-growing crypto market (400M+ wallets, 40% youth using mobile finance),
Facing a trust deficit with traditional powers (anti-French coups, waning U.S. influence),
Experiencing a digital and military vacuum, which neither India nor the West have adequately filled.

Opportunity 1: Position Pakistan as Africa’s Post-Colonial Defense Partner

Pakistan’s credibility has been upgraded post-conflict. Africa respects:

Battle-tested military with UN peacekeeping legacy,
No colonial baggage,
Common Muslim brotherhood in North, West, and East Africa.

Strategic Moves:

Offer low-cost military training, peacekeeping doctrines, and joint counter-terrorism workshops to African militaries (Nigeria, Sudan, Burkina Faso, Mali).
Formalize a Pakistan–Africa Defense Training Accord (PADTA) with OIC or AU endorsement.
Export defense tech: small arms, surveillance drones (SATUMA, NESCOM), and naval assets (F-22P light frigates).

Opportunity 2: Leverage the Pakistan Crypto Council (PCC) to Lead Financial Inclusion

Africa’s fintech boom is trapped between regulation and exploitation. Here’s where the Pakistan Crypto Council (PCC)—inspired by the war economy’s pivot to decentralization—can step in.

Strategic Entry Points:

Launch Africa–Pakistan Stablecoin Protocol pegged to gold or Islamic finance instruments—Shariah-compliant DeFi for Muslim-majority nations (Nigeria, Senegal, Egypt).
Deploy PCC-backed “Crypto Financial Literacy Centers” across West Africa using mobile-first education.
Offer B2G consulting for African central banks on CBDCs, e-Naira integrations, and blockchain anti-corruption systems.

Pitch:

"The same blockchain resilience that kept Pakistan's economy afloat during the 2025 India war can now protect African economies from IMF-style debt traps and currency instability."

Opportunity 3: Soft Power Surge – Exporting the War-forged Pakistani Narrative

Narratives matter. Pakistan, as the first Muslim nuclear power to stand toe-to-toe with India post-war, has renewed ideological currency in Africa.

Actionables:

Launch media content partnerships with pan-African outlets to share war stories, documentaries, and cultural diplomacy.
Host the Pakistan–Africa Unity Summit 2026 in Dakar, co-sponsored by the OIC, focusing on:
- Non-aligned sovereignty
- Islamic tech and finance
- Youth and innovation
Empower the BéCanvas Cultural Diplomacy Division to produce content tailored to African Gen Z—memes, war-themed comics, YouTube explainers.

Opportunity 4: Tech & Infrastructure Diplomacy Through Gwadar 2.0

The war has refocused Pakistani strategic depth westward. With CPEC partially militarized and Gwadar now prioritized, the port can become a regional gateway for African exports to Asia.

Moves to Make:

Offer free port access for African states (especially landlocked nations like Mali, Chad, Niger).
Invite joint ventures on energy infrastructure, AI, and mining tech.
Use B2B summits to promote Pakistani AI startups, crypto solutions, and defense exports.

Opportunity 5: Muslim Brotherhood + Climate Diplomacy Combo

Africa’s Muslim belt (Sudan–Senegal–Somalia) is facing dual challenges: climate collapse + development vacuum.

Pakistan, post-war, can brand itself as:

A Muslim humanitarian state with war-tested logistics,
A climate frontline nation,
A fellow Global South actor with “solutions, not sermons.”

Moves:

Send Al-Khidmat Foundation & Edhi Corps into West Africa under the banner of “Muslim Humanitarian Solidarity.”
Launch a joint climate-resilient agriculture alliance with African dryland nations using Pakistani drip tech, seeds, and drones.
Package all under a South–South Islamic Solidarity Framework.

2025 Scenario in Detail: Projections and Priorities

As of mid-2025, the "Engage Africa" policy is in full swing, and several key trends and projections are shaping the landscape:

Continued Growth in Trade (but below target): Pakistan's efforts to double trade by 2025 were ambitious. While trade will likely continue to grow, it's improbable that the $8-10 billion target will be fully met within this timeframe given the current trajectory. Data from early FY25 (first nine months) shows Pakistan's trade with Eastern Africa reaching $1.30 billion, with exports at $617.12 million. This indicates progress, but highlights the scale of the challenge. The focus in 2025 remains on boosting exports in textiles, agriculture, pharmaceuticals, and machinery.
Improved Connectivity: A significant development in 2025 is the announced launch of new maritime trade corridors, starting with a direct shipping line between Karachi and Djibouti. This is a crucial step towards reducing logistical hurdles, freight time, and costs, making Pakistani products more competitive. The planned full development of Gwadar Port into a regional export hub targeting Africa in the second phase is also a long-term goal that will see further progress in 2025.
Focus on Specific Markets: Pakistan is increasingly refining its approach, targeting specific African economies identified for their economic size and potential, such as Nigeria, Kenya, South Africa, Egypt, and Ethiopia. This targeted approach is expected to yield more concentrated results.
Leveraging AfCFTA: The operationalization of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) is a major opportunity. In 2025, Pakistan is actively reaffirming its readiness to work within this framework, seeking mutually beneficial cooperation to integrate into the continent's massive single market. This includes pursuing PTAs with regional blocs like EAC and SACU.
Addressing Trade Imbalances: Pakistan is actively working to address tariff discrepancies and anti-dumping duties that hinder its exports. This involves ongoing negotiations with African partners to create a more level playing field for Pakistani goods.
Emphasis on Public and Cultural Diplomacy: Beyond formal trade, 2025 sees a continued emphasis on soft power. The recent declaration of May 25 as "Pakistan-Africa Friendship Day" by the Senate is a significant symbolic gesture. The plan to launch an annual Pakistan-Africa Cultural Festival and establishing permanent Pakistani business exhibition centers reflects a commitment to deepen people-to-people connections and showcase Pakistani culture and products.
Potential for Trilateral Cooperation with China: While still in exploratory stages, 2025 will likely see further discussions and initial steps towards trilateral cooperation with China in Africa, particularly within the framework of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). This could involve joint ventures in infrastructure, industrial parks, or special economic zones, potentially leveraging Gwadar.
Challenges Remain: Despite the positive momentum, challenges like Pakistan's own economic constraints (high public debt and low foreign exchange reserves), intense international competition, and internal political stability remain factors that can influence the pace and scale of engagement.

Strategic Recommendations

Build African Studies Desks in Pakistani universities and think tanks to train future diplomats and analysts.
Create a Special Envoy for Africa in the Foreign Office to coordinate trade, defense, and cultural efforts.
Institutionalize the Pakistan-Africa Business Council, with trade missions every 6 months.
Leverage OIC and Islamic Development Bank networks to co-finance infrastructure and humanitarian projects in Africa.
Establish “Mini-CPEC Corridors” with countries like Ethiopia, Djibouti, and Kenya to extend the Belt and Road footprint with Pakistani involvement.

Final Thoughts: Africa Is Not a Backup Plan—It’s the New Battlefield

In the next two decades, Africa will host some of the largest urban populations, the youngest workforce, and the fastest-growing digital economies. As great powers compete for influence, the real winner will not be the one with the deepest pockets, but the one with authentic relationships, cultural affinity, and mutual respect.

Pakistan’s Engage Africa policy is not just a diplomatic outreach—it’s a strategic bet on the future of global power. Whether it becomes a gamechanger or another missed opportunity depends on urgency, execution, and imagination.

Post-war Pakistan is not just a survivor—it is a symbol.

And symbols matter in Africa—where dignity, sovereignty, and struggle against hegemony still shape political memory.

If Pakistan:

Institutionalizes the Crypto Council’s African outreach,
Diplomatically seizes the anti-Western wave,
And positions itself as a tech-savvy post-war phoenix

Yet 2025 represents a make-or-break moment.

To succeed, Pakistan must:

Institutionalize its policy with budget, think tanks, and KPIs.
Offer tangible benefits, not just symbolic gestures.
Embed itself in Africa’s future through digital, educational, and ideological partnerships.

The clock is ticking, but the door is open.

In the next decade, either Pakistan becomes a trusted partner in Africa, or it remains a guest in rooms where India, China, and Turkey are already building homes.

The New World Disorder