By Zohaib Ahmed | 17th October 2025 Executive Summary Pakistan’s undersea fleet, once built around the French-origin Agosta-70 and Agosta-90B (Khalid-class) submarines, is now transitioning toward a new generation of Hangor-class diesel-electric attack submarines . The Hangor-class — an export derivative of China’s Type 039A Yuan-class — represents the largest single defense deal between Islamabad and Beijing, signed in 2015. By 2030 the Pakistan Navy (PN) must convert the Hangor-class programme and its associated technology-transfer (ToT) into not just a fleet expansion, but the foundation of a domestic submarine-industrial complex and a doctrinal shift toward persistent, stealthy sea denial. The Hangor-class (Yuan-derivative) submarines — AIP-equipped, modular and export-proven — are Pakistan’s asymmetric trump card in the northern Arabian Sea. Pakistan should mass-produce, iterate, and “weaponize” the platform the way it did the JF-17: standardize the baseline, absorb ToT,...